Which gases in the atmosphere transfer more heat to the planet?

Author; Rogelio Pérez C

Summary;

As the temperature and heat of any system is based on the measurement and transfer of its kinetic energies, anyone would say that to explain the temperature in a gaseous system such as the atmosphere, scientists would use the kinetic science of gases to better explain this. but they don't, but they rely on the theory of the greenhouse effect to understand temperature and heat in the atmosphere, Which explains that the infrared absorption of certain gases in the atmosphere such as CO2 are the major cause of heat on the planet, such gases are also the smallest traces that make up the atmosphere, violating another physical law for the temperature of the gases, Known as Charles' law, it says: The temperature of any gas (atmosphere) is proportional to its volume. When it comes to temperature, it is understood as a measure of the average kinetic energy (movements) of all the molecules that make up a system, in this case the atmospheric system, where its unit of measurement is degrees Celsius, but when we refer to heat we no longer talk about what is the average in which molecules move, but what is the force that each molecule that forms a system, transfer to other molecules of other systems with less kinetic movement (temperature), because they come into contact, and by logic if there is a greater volume of molecules, the greater the kinetic energy or heat that will be transferred, so the explanation of the greenhouse theory is not a good one, because it teaches that the heat and temperature of the planet correlate with only 0,04% of 100% of the molecules in the atmosphere, which is the percentage of greenhouse gases, and above all this explanation has nothing to do with the measures taken by the thermometers, which measure the average of the kinetic energy in the systems, and not how much infrared the gases cumulate. That is why this work will use the kinetic theory of gases to be able to tell more precisely how much heat the main gases contribute to the atmosphere, when the temperature is 15°C.

Introduction;

There is currently a climate issue, which we know as climate change, which consists of an increase in the temperature of the planet.

There are two scientific theories to explain heat and temperature in the atmosphere, but today the scientific community is based on a single one, which we know as the theory of the greenhouse effect, which explains the temperature in the atmosphere as a cause of infrared absorption of certain gases, but this explanation has many more questions than answers, which also does not have a mathematical formula that tells us how this process works, that is why no one can say how many CO2 molecules are needed, to increase the kinetic energy (temperature) of the atmosphere by 1 degree centigrade.

But there is a second theory to explain the temperature of the atmosphere, called kinetic theory of gases, which explains theoretically and mathematically how temperature originates in a gas such as the atmosphere, and how kinetic energy is measured from an atom, up to all atoms or molecules that make up a gaseous system, the Which is the science on which thermometers work, if this theory were eliminated science would have to invent another way of measuring temperature in the atmosphere, After all, the temperature and heat of any system are based on measuring its kinetic energies.

This work will show the amount of kinetic energy (heat) in joules due to its volume, which each of the main gases in the atmosphere provide at temperature of 15°C, which is the average of the global temperature, to conclude that the problem of global warming has nothing to do with a greenhouse effect caused by certain gases in the atmosphere, but that it is caused by the kinetic energy of all the gas molecules that make up this gaseous system.

Theory statement and definitions

The greenhouse effect theory

The greenhouse effect is a process in which thermal radiation emitted by the planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) and radiated in all directions. As part of this radiation is returned to the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.1

Greenhouse effect theory 1

https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

Kinetic of gases theory

The kinetic of gases theory is a physical and chemical theory that explains the macroscopic behavior and properties of gases (the law of ideal gases), based on a statistical description of microscopic molecular processes. The kinetic theory was developed based on studies by physicists such as Daniel Bernoulli in the 18th century, Ludwig Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell in the late 19th century.2

 

Charles law for gases, for any gas, the ratio between temperature and volume is directly proportional, if the quantity of gas and pressure remain constant.

Mathematically we can express it like this:

Where;

V is the volume

T is the absolute temperature (i.e measured in kelvin).

k is the constant of proportionality.3

Heat, q, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two objects in thermal equilibrium; therefore, they are the same temperature.4

Heat, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact.

We can calculate the heat released or absorbed using the specific heat capacity C, the mass of the substance, m, and the change in temperature, ΔT in the equation:     q=m×C×ΔT

Heat and temperature are two different but closely related concepts. Note that they have different units: temperature typically has units of degrees Celsius (degrees °C,) or Kelvin (K), and heat has units of energy, Joules (J).

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system. The water molecules in a cup of hot coffee have a higher average kinetic energy than the water molecules in a cup of iced tea, which also means they are moving at a higher velocity.5

Temperature is also an intensive property, which means that the temperature doesn't change no matter how much of a substance you have (as long as it is all at the same temperature!). This is why chemists can use the melting point to help identify a pure substance—minus the temperature at which it melts is a property of the substance with no dependence on the mass of a sample.

The equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. It makes quantitative predictions, provides the total kinetic and potential energies for a system at a given temperature, from which the heat capacity of the system can be calculated. However, the equipartition also provides the average values of individual energy components, such as the kinetic energy of a particular particle or the potential energy of a single spring. For example, it predicts that each atom in an ideal monoatomic gas has an average kinetic energy of (3/2) k B T in thermal equilibrium, where k B is Boltzmann's constant and Te the temperature (thermodynamics).6

Thermal motion of an α-helical peptide. The jittery motion is random and complex and the energy of any particular atom can fluctuate wildly. Nevertheless, the equipartition theorem allows the average kinetic energy of each atom to be computed, as well as the average potential energies of many vibrational modes. The grey, red and blue spheres represent atoms of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, respectively; the smaller white spheres represent atoms of hydrogen.7

The mol (symbol: mol) is the unit with which the amount of substance is measured, one of the seven fundamental physical magnitudes of the International System of Units.

In any substance (chemical element or compound) and considering at the same time a certain type of elemental entities that make up it, the mol, mol symbol, is the SI unit of quantity of substance. A mol contains exactly 6,022 140 76 × 10–23 elemental entities.8

Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body. Kinetic energy is defined as the work to be done by the force it exerts on the resting body to accelerate it.9

Development

To begin, we will find the quadratic mean velocity of each molecule of these 4 gases at a temperature of 15°C, the formula is as follows;

Nitrogen 78%

R= 8.31 J/mol.k

T= 15+273=288 k

M (N2) = 14.0067 + 14.0067 =28 g/mol

             =0.028kg/mol

Vcm= √ (3 *8, 31 *288)/0.028=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *288)/0.028=

Vcm= √7179.8 / 0.028=506.38 m/s

Oxygen 21%

R= 8.31 J/mol.k

T= 15+273=288 k

M (O2) = 16. + 16 =32 g/mol

             =0.032kg/mol

Vcm= √ (3 *8.31 *288)/0.032=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *288)/0.032=

Vcm= √7179.8/ 0.032= 473.67 m/s

 

Argon 0.934%

R= 8.31 J/mol.k

T= 15+273=288k

M (Ar) = 39.9 =39.9 g/mol

             =0.0399kg/mol

Vcm= √ 3 *8, 31 *288/0.0399=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *288)/0.0399=

Vcm= √ 7179.8 / 0.0399= 424.2 m/s

 

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

R= 8.31 J/mol.k

T= 15+273=288 k

M(CO2)= 12 + 2*16 =44 g/mol

             =0.044kg/mol

Vcm= √3 *8, 31 *288/0.044=

Vcm= √ (24.93 *288)/0.044=

Vcm= √7179.8 / 0.044= 403,95 m/s

 

Average quadratic speed of the following molecules at 15°C temperature;
GAS	Vcm. Of molecules  at 15°C
Nitrogen               (N2)	506.38 m/s
Oxygen                 (O2)	473.67 m/s
Argón                    (Ar)	424.20 m/s
Carbon dioxide    (CO2)	403.95 m/s.

As the temperature of the atmosphere is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules, then we will find the kinetic energy for each of the 4 main molecules.

Kinetic energy is a form of energy, known as motion energy. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy produced by its mass-dependant movements and speed of the same. Kinetic energy is usually abbreviated by the letters "EC" or "Ek". The word kinetics is of Greek origin “kinesis” meaning “movement”.

Kinetic energy is represented by the following formula: EC=½ mv². Kinetic energy is measured in Joules (J), mass in kilograms (kg) and velocity in meters over seconds (m/s).4

Nitrogen:

M= 0.028kg/mol

V²= 506.38m/s²

Ec= ½ 0.028kg/ mol(*506.38m/s) ²

Ec=3589.89 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.028 kilograms and velocity v = 506.38 m/s equals 3589.89 J

 

Oxygen

M= 0.032kg/mol

V²= 473.67m/s²

Ec= ½ 0.032kg/ mol*(473.67 m/s) ²

Ec= 3589.81 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.032 kilograms and velocity v = 473.67 m/s equals 3589.81 J

 

Argón

M= 0.0399kg/mol

V²= 424.20m/s

Ec= ½ 0.0399kg/ mol*(424.20 m/s) ²

Ec=3589.92 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.0399 kilograms and velocity v = 424.20 m/s equals 3589.92 J

 

Carbón Dioxide   

M= 0.044kg/mol

V²= 403.95m/s

Ec= ½ 0.044kg/ mol*(403.95 m/s) ²

Ec= 3589.86 J

The kinetic energy (E) of a body with mass m = 0.044 kilograms and velocity v = 403.95 m/s equals 3589.86 J

 

 

kinetic energy of each mole of the different gases.

GAS	kinetic energy (Heat)  at 15°C
Nitrogen                  (N2)	3589.89 J
Oxygen                  (O2)	3589.81 J
Argón                     (Ar)	3589.92 J
Carbón Dioxide    (CO2)	3589.86 J.

 

Parts per million (ppm) is the unit that is frequently used to measure the volume that occupy small amounts of elements (also called traces) within a mixture.

 

The parts per million of the following gases in the atmosphere
GAS	parts per million
Nitrogen                 (N2)	780.800
Oxygen                    (O2)	209.450
Argón                      (Ar)	9.340
Carbón Dioxide    (CO2)	410

 

“If you can measure what you are talking about, and if you can express it by a number, then you may think you know something; but if you can't measure it, your knowledge will be poor and unsatisfactory”

Lord Kelvin

 

GAS	VOLUME     PPM	Kinetic energy per Mole gas	TOTAL(Ek) Mole Gas x Volume
Nitrogen              (N2)	780.800	3589.89 J	2.802.986.112 J
Oxygen               (O2)	209.450	3589.81 J	751.885.705 J
Argón                  (Ar)	9.340	3589.92 J	33.529.853 J
carbón  Dioxide(CO2)	410	3589.86 J.	1.471.843 J
TOTAL	1.000.000	3589,87 j	3.589.873.512 J

 

Conclusión,

We can conclude that the average kinetic energy that originates each mole of gas in the atmosphere at 15°C is 3589J, but when we see the amount of heat in joules that for each mole of gas is transferred by the atmosphere, we can see that the first 3 gases due to their large volumes are the ones that transfer the most heat in the atmosphere, with regard to greenhouse gases, it is observed that for every 3.589.873.512 J of heat that the atmosphere transfers to the planet, CO2 provides 1.471.843 J of heat. That is equal to 0.04% of total heat joules.

Thereafter we can end by saying that 99,9% of the heat transfer from the atmosphere to the planet is not caused by greenhouse gases, because their volumes are small, which is reflected in the negligible transfer of kinetic energy in total heat transfer. In other words, it needs more molecules to be able to transfer more heat.

Bibliography

1- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Consultado el 15 de octubre de 2010.

 A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, "What is the Greenhouse Effect?" FAQ 1.3 - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science, IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 1, page

2- Maxwell, J. C. (1867). "On the Dynamical Theory of Gases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 157: 49

3-http://www.educaplus.org/gases/ley_charles.html

4-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat

5-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat

6- http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/eqpar.html

7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipartition_theorem

8-https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol#cite_note-avogadro-constant-4

9-https://es.calcprofi.com/energia-cinetica-formula-calculadora.html